杨正瓴
[打听] 如果迈克尔逊-莫雷实验是在静止空气中进行的,则会不会有别的理论解释?
2025-3-7 22:40
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汉语是联合国官方正式使用的 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语!

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Not to discriminate against Chinese, please!

           

[打听如果迈克尔逊-莫雷实验是在静止空气中进行的,则会不会有别的理论解释?

            

迈克尔逊-莫雷实验 Michelson-Morley experiment

狭义相对论 special relativity

斐索实验 Fizeau experiment

     

               

一、迈克尔逊-莫雷实验(Michelson–Morley experiment),是在空气中进行的?

   不是在“真空”中?

          

   下面是网上找到的一些相关图片。对应英文的汉语,来自机器翻译。

         

mirror-parts-interferometer-Michelson-light-beam-angle.jpg

图1  mirror-parts-interferometer-Michelson-light-beam-angle.webp

   Michelson interferometer

   The Michelson interferometer consists of a half-transparent mirror oriented at a 45° angle to a light beam so that the light is divided into two equal parts (A and B), one of which is transmitted to a fixed mirror and the other of which is reflected to a movable mirror. The half-transparent mirror has the same effect on the returning beams, splitting each of them into two beams. Thus, two diminished light beams reach the screen, where interference patterns can be observed by varying the position of the movable mirror.

   迈克尔逊干涉仪

   迈克尔逊干涉仪由一个与光束成45°角的半透明镜组成,这样光就被分成两个相等的部分(a和B),其中一个被传输到固定镜,另一个被反射到可移动镜。半透明反射镜对返回的光束具有相同的效果,将每个光束分成两束。因此,两个减弱的光束到达屏幕,通过改变可移动反射镜的位置可以观察到干涉图案。

https://cdn.britannica.com/79/279-050-58C1AAC5/mirror-parts-interferometer-Michelson-light-beam-angle.jpg  

https://www.britannica.com/science/Michelson-Morley-experiment

         

Fig. 16.1 Schematic of the Michelson interferometer.png

图2  Fig. 16.1 Schematic of the Michelson interferometer

图16.1 迈克尔逊干涉仪示意图

https://wanda.fiu.edu/boeglinw/courses/Modern_lab_manual3/_images/michelson.png

https://wanda.fiu.edu/boeglinw/courses/Modern_lab_manual3/michelson.html

       

Figure  3.6.1  (a) The Michelson interferometer. The extended.jpg

图3  Figure 3.6.1 (a) The Michelson interferometer. The extended

Figure 3.6.1 : (a) The Michelson interferometer. The extended light source is a ground-glass plate that diffuses the light from a laser. (b) A planar view of the interferometer.

图3.6.1:(a)迈克尔逊干涉仪。扩展光源是一块磨砂玻璃板,用于漫射激光器发出的光。(b) 干涉仪的平面图。

https://files.mtstatic.com/site_4539/5971/0?Expires=1741330412&Signature=WSbZQqKAImBlxbjFopRqofI7W5ClyNkkJZ4LzLA6Pjbfm2w30I5kOKEZKOgiHn7kQhxKG~kTy6ijAUP0t-BIj0m-JF8s9xqVBqwIVoRRGIbDm~FvuujfL1uIlQLwZYmuXP59ylCLRL9-EUsS-QzKUf-lV3QUpVClhzYgBTh7sBw_&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ5Y6AV4GI7A555NA

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/03%3A_Interference/3.06%3A_The_Michelson_Interferometer

         

Michelson-Morley-Experiment.jpg

图4  Michelson-Morley-Experiment.jpg

https://www.sciencefacts.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Michelson-Morley-Experiment.jpg

https://www.sciencefacts.net/michelson-morley-experiment.html

         

Michelson-Morley_experiment_(en).svg.jpg

图5  Michelson-Morley_experiment_(en).svg.jpg

https://kids.kiddle.co/images/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg

https://kids.kiddle.co/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment

         

MichelsonCoinAirLumiereBlanche_小稀疏.jpg

图6  MichelsonCoinAirLumiereBlanche.jpg

https://kids.kiddle.co/Image:MichelsonCoinAirLumiereBlanche.JPG

https://kids.kiddle.co/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment

       

Michelson_morley_experiment_1887.jpg

图7  Michelson_morley_experiment_1887.jpg

The Setup of Michelson Morley experiment in 1887 at what is now Case Western Reserve University.

https://kids.kiddle.co/images/f/f4/Michelson_morley_experiment_1887.jpg

https://kids.kiddle.co/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment

           

二、假如“迈克尔逊-莫雷实验是在静止空气中进行”,则其干涉条纹零移动,会不会有别的解释?

   为什么爱因斯坦一直声称迈克尔逊-莫雷实验与他狭义相对论的“真空中的光速不变原理”没有太直接的关系?

   相反,爱因斯坦一直认为“斐索实验关于水运动对光速影响的影响”、“天文学的光行差(especially Airy's observations with a water filled telescope)”对狭义相对论更有影响。

           

三、建议:进行运动空气中的迈克尔逊-莫雷实验

   例如,

   (1)采用“匀速运动”的空气;

   (2)采用固定加速度”加速运动的空气。

   当然,实验中,空气的“匀速运动”速度应采取多个不同的数值;空气的加速度也应采取多个不同的数值。

   (3)尽可能使空气处在层流(laminar flow)等简单的运动状态下。并保持恒温等各种实验条件。

           

四、建议:进行真空中的迈克尔逊-莫雷实验

   尽可能接近真空,并记录不同“真空度”下的实验结果的变化,以及各种条件等。

          

参考资料:

[1] 2022-06-09,光速不变原理/postulate of constant speed of light/张元仲,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=59586&Type=bkzyb&SubID=62037

[2] 2022-01-20,狭义相对论/special relativity/张元仲,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=59553&Type=bkzyb

[3] 2023-09-08,狭义相对论验证/special relativity verification/张元仲,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=438956&Type=bkzyb&SubID=198015

[4] 科普中国,2024-08-27,迈克尔逊干涉仪——从“以太”到诺贝尔物理学奖

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=521227

[5] 科普中国,2021-12-31,迈克尔逊干涉仪

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=279098

   迈克尔逊干涉仪(英文:Michelson interferometer)是光学干涉仪中最常见的一种,其发明者是美国物理学家阿尔伯特·亚伯拉罕·迈克尔逊。迈克耳逊干涉仪的原理是一束入射光经过分光镜分为两束后各自被对应的平面镜反射回来,因为这两束光频率相同、振动方向相同且相位差恒定(即满足干涉条件),所以能够发生干涉。干涉中两束光的不同光程可以通过调节干涉臂长度以及改变介质的折射率来实现,从而能够形成不同的干涉图样。干涉条纹是等光程差的轨迹,因此,要分析某种干涉产生的图样,必需求出相干光的光程差位置分布的函数。

   若干涉条纹发生移动,一定是场点对应的光程差发生了变化,引起光程差变化的原因,可能是光线长度L发生变化,或是光路中某段介质的折射率n发生了变化,或是薄膜的厚度e发生了变化。

[6] 科普中国,2021-12-31,[科普中国]-10岁小观众问丘成桐:迈克尔-逊莫雷实验如何证明以太不存在?

https://www.kepuchina.cn/article/articleinfo?business_type=100&classify=0&ar_id=162787

[7] Michelson-Morley experiment, physics, britannica

https://www.britannica.com/science/Michelson-Morley-experiment

[8] 16. Michelson Interferometer,  Werner Boeglin, Modern Lab Experiments

https://wanda.fiu.edu/boeglinw/courses/Modern_lab_manual3/michelson.html

[9] 3.6: The Michelson Interferometer, The LibreTexts libraries

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/University_Physics_(OpenStax)/University_Physics_III_-_Optics_and_Modern_Physics_(OpenStax)/03%3A_Interference/3.06%3A_The_Michelson_Interferometer

[10] Michelson-Morley Experiment, ScienceFacts

https://www.sciencefacts.net/michelson-morley-experiment.html

[11] Alejandro Cassini, Marcelo Leonardo Levinas. Einstein's reinterpretation of the Fizeau experiment: How it turned out to be crucial for special relativity [J]. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 2019, 65: 55-72

doi:  /10.1016/j.shpsb.2018.08.004

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355219816302131

   Shankland (1973, p. 896) recalled that:

   Einstein volunteered a rather strong statement that he had been more influenced by the Fizeau experiment on the effect of moving water on the speed of light, and by astronomical aberration, especially Airy's observations with a water filled telescope, than by the Michelson-Morley experiment.

[12] Robert Sherwood Shankland. Conversations With Albert Einstein. II [J]. American Journal of Physics, 1973, 41(7): 895-901

doi:  10.1119/1.1987410

https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article-abstract/41/7/895/1049523/Conversations-with-Albert-Einstein-II?redirectedFrom=fulltext

[13] Robert Sherwood Shankland. Comment on ''Conversations with Albert Einstein. II'' [J]. American Journal of Physics, 1975, 43(5): 464

foi:  10.1119/1.9813

https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article-abstract/43/5/464/1050062/Comment-on-Conversations-with-Albert-Einstein-II?redirectedFrom=PDF  

[14] 2024-07-03,层流/laminar flow/晏名文,中国大百科全书,第三版网络版[DB/OL]

https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=111232&Type=bkzyb&SubID=269991

[15] 杨正瓴,2024-12-22 05:15,采用“电光效应”的单向光速测量物理实验方案,科学智慧火花,中国科学院

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1468263.html

https://idea.cas.cn/zhhh/sxwlhxytw/wlx/info/2024/551623.html

[16] 杨正瓴,2024-09-27 21:28,斐索齿轮法与脉冲光:单向光速测量的可能性,科学智慧火花,中国科学院

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1465321.html

https://idea.cas.cn/zhhh/sxwlhxytw/wlx/info/2024/551076.html

              

相关链接:

[1] 2024-03-18 17:09,[打听] 哪里有“迈克尔逊-莫雷实验 Michelson-Morley experiment”的权威的主流的资料?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1425835.html  

图1  莫雷-迈克尔逊实验装置 170302v5gnvgvogocaao1i.jpg

[2] 2025-03-03 21:51,[建议,要点,优先权] 匀速运动下单向光速的直接物理实验测量

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1475790.html

[3] 2024-03-19 22:42,[打听] 哪里有 1851 年“斐索实验 Fizeau experiment”的权威的主流的资料?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1426002.html  

[4] 2022-6-1 17:20,[请教] 流体力学基本方程描述“层流”的误差

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1341155.html  

[5] 2022-05-26,[求助] 介绍“相似性原理”比较清楚的权威中英文《流体力学》书籍

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1340318.html

[6] 2015-03-10,假如电子是流体,其直径是什么?怎么测量?

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-873357.html

[7] 2021-01-13,[建议] 广泛重复自然科学各个学科中100多年前的那些经典实验

https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1267037.html

          

感谢您的指教!

感谢您指正以上任何错误!

感谢您提供更多的相关资料!

          

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