[打听,讨论] 晶体管发明的具体地点(2)
贝尔实验室: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Bell Laboratories
点接触晶体管: point-contact transistor
纽约市,西大街463号: 463 West Street in New York City
新泽西州蒙茅斯县的霍尔姆德尔: Holmdel, Monmouth County, NJ
新泽西州默里山: Murray Hill, New Jersey
要点:
(1)纽约市,西大街463号的贝尔实验室:1925年1月1日启用。
网传实验室的大多数人,于 1941年搬到新泽西州的默里山(Murray Hill, New Jersey)。但 1966年之前,贝尔实验室的官方总部一直在该地点。
(2)网上常见的在“霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel”的贝尔实验室,是芬兰裔美国建筑师 Eero Saarinen 在 1959年设计,1966年建成。
此时,贝尔实验室的总部才从纽约市西大街463号搬到“霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel”。
(3)发明第一支晶体管时(1947年,在11月17日至12月23日的所谓“奇迹月”期间),巴丁、布拉坦的工作地点,到底在哪里?
难道 1941~1966 年之间,贝尔实验室还有其它实验工作地点?在“西大街463号,1925”、“霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel,1966”之外?
一、纽约州,纽约市,西大街463号
It also served as the headquarters for the company from 1925 to the early 1960s, after which the headquarters moved to Murray Hill, New Jersey. The site was also the home for part of the Manhattan Project during World War II. Shortly after the war, the transistor was invented here. After two years of renovations by Richard Meier, the building was reopened in 1970 as Westbeth Artists Community for low to middle income artists. In addition to affordable artist housing, the complex contains a theatre, an art gallery, and a synagogue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The complex was listed a second time on the National Register in 2009, for its high-profile and successful example of adaptive reuse of the property.
1925年至20世纪60年代初,它也是该公司的总部,之后总部迁至新泽西州的默里山。该遗址也是二战期间曼哈顿项目的一部分所在地。战争结束后不久,这里发明了晶体管。经过Richard Meier两年的翻修,该建筑于1970年重新开放,成为Westbeth艺术家社区,面向中低收入艺术家。除了负担得起的艺术家住房外,该建筑群还包括一个剧院、一个美术馆和一个犹太教堂。1975年,它被宣布为国家历史地标。2009年,该建筑群第二次被列入国家登记册,因为它是该地产适应性再利用的高调而成功的例子。
https://maps.roadtrippers.com/us/new-york-ny/points-of-interest/bell-telephone-laboratories-new-york
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated started operation on January 1, 1925, with Frank B. Jewett as its president and Harold D. Arnold as director of research. It was formed mostly from the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company and was housed in a building at 463 West Street in New York City. It would move to Murray Hill, New Jersey in 1941, although the West Street address remained its official headquarters until 1966.
贝尔电话实验室于1925年1月1日,Frank B.Jewett 担任总裁,Harold D.Arnold 担任研究总监。它主要由西部电气公司的工程部组成,位于纽约市西大街463号的一栋大楼里。1941年,它将搬到新泽西州的默里山,尽管西大街地址一直是它的官方总部,直到1966年。
https://ethw.org/w/images/1/1e/Memories_-_A_Personal_History_of_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories.pdf
二、新泽西州霍尔姆德尔郊区
图1 新泽西州霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel 的贝尔实验室,很早
In 1957, Bell hired modernist architect Eero Saarinen to design a modern building for its research lab. The idea was for a sleeker design than the company's Colonial Revival-style building in Murray Hill.
1957年,贝尔聘请现代主义建筑师Eero Saarinen为其研究实验室设计了一座现代建筑。这个想法是为了比该公司位于默里山的殖民复兴风格建筑更时尚的设计。
After four decades — and following the ordered breakup of the Bell System monopoly in 1982 — Bell eventually became AT&T, then Lucent and Alcatel-Lucent, shrinking smaller and smaller in terms of office needs. The maintenance costs of the voluminous space were too high, and in 2007, Bell Labs Holmdel went up for sale.
四十年后,在1982年贝尔系统垄断被下令打破后,贝尔最终成为AT&T,然后是朗讯和阿尔卡特朗讯,在办公需求方面越来越小。庞大空间的维护成本太高,2007年,贝尔实验室的 Holmdel 挂牌出售。
https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2018/05/inside_bell_works_holmdel_nj_former_bell_labs.html
图2 新泽西州霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel 的贝尔实验室,稍后
In 1962, AT&T opened a sprawling 472-acre campus for Bell Labs in suburban Holmdel, NJ. It was designed by modernist architect Eero Saarinen, who created similar suburban campuses for General Motors (Warren, MI) and IBM (Yorktown Heights, NY). Photo courtesy of user MBisanz on Wikimedia Commons.
1962年,美国电话电报公司在新泽西州霍尔姆德尔郊区为贝尔实验室开设了一个占地472英亩的庞大校园。它由现代主义建筑师Eero Saarinen设计,他为通用汽车(密歇根州沃伦)和IBM(纽约州约克镇高地)创建了类似的郊区校园。照片由用户MBisanz在Wikimedia Commons上提供。
https://invention.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog_ehintz-07012014_1280px-Bell_Labs_Holmdel.jpg
https://invention.si.edu/rise-innovation-districts
图3 新泽西州霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel 的贝尔实验室,设计图
Bell Laboratories Holmdel was constructed from 1959 to 1966 according to a plan and design of Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen (1910-61). Although Saarinen passed away in September 1961 before the project was completed, his proteges Kevin Roche (1922- ) and John Dinkeloo (1918-81) finished the work as Saarinen had envisioned. Bell Labs is a significant pioneering example of a type of modern American suburban landscape that has been variously termed a corporate campus, corporate estate, corporate villa or industrial Versailles.
贝尔实验室Holmdel是根据芬兰裔美国建筑师Eero Saarinen(1910-61)的规划和设计于1959年至1966年建造的。尽管萨里宁在项目完成前于1961年9月去世,但他的追随者凯文·罗什(1922年-)和约翰·丁凯洛(1918-81年)完成了萨里宁设想的工作。贝尔实验室是现代美国郊区景观的一个重要先驱,被称为企业园区、企业庄园、企业别墅或工业凡尔赛。
图4 新泽西州霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel 的贝尔实验室,设计图
1. Title Sheet - Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, Bell Laboratories Road, Holmdel, Monmouth County, NJ Drawings from Survey HALS NJ-7
- Building/structure dates: after 2006 Subsequent Work
- Building/structure dates: 1959-1966 Initial Construction
- Building/structure dates: 1982-1985 Subsequent Work
- National Register of Historic Places NRIS Number: 16000223
-建筑/结构日期:2006年之后后续工作
-建筑/结构日期:1959-1966初步施工
-建筑/结构日期:1982-1985后续工作
-国家历史名胜名录NRIS编号:16000223
https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.nj1850.sheet/?sp=1&st=image
图5 View inside the building in July 2008 after it closed a year earlier. (Tony Kurdzuk / The Star-Ledger). 2008年7月,该建筑在一年前关闭后的内部视图。(托尼·库尔祖克/《明星纪事报》)
https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2018/05/inside_bell_works_holmdel_nj_former_bell_labs.html
网传:上面这个“霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel”大楼,已经被贝尔实验室出售了。
下面,是现在的诺基亚贝尔实验室。不是上面的这个“霍尔姆德尔 Holmdel”大楼。
三、新泽西州默里山山地大道600号(600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill),现在的诺基亚贝尔实验室
600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974-0636, United States
现在的诺基亚贝尔实验室:山地大道 600号,默里山,NJ 07974-0636,美国
图6 现在的诺基亚贝尔实验室(Nokia Bell Labs)
https://www.benoa.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Nokia-Bell-Labs-02.jpg
图6 现在的诺基亚贝尔实验室(Nokia Bell Labs)
https://www.bell-labs.com/about/locations/murray-hill-new-jersey-us/
参考资料:
[1] Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 west street, New York, New York USA
https://maps.roadtrippers.com/us/new-york-ny/points-of-interest/bell-telephone-laboratories-new-york
[2] A. Michael Noll, 2015-06-30, Memories: A Personal History of Bell Telephone Laboratories
https://ethw.org/w/images/1/1e/Memories_-_A_Personal_History_of_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories.pdf
[3] Advance Local Media LLC., 2018-05-22, Is this the coolest office building in N.J.? A look at life inside Bell Works
https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2018/05/inside_bell_works_holmdel_nj_former_bell_labs.html
[4] Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, 2014-06-09, The Rise of Innovation Districts
https://invention.si.edu/rise-innovation-districts
[5] LOC's Public Domain Archive, 2015+, Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, Bell Laboratories Road, Holmdel, Monmouth County, NJ
https://loc.getarchive.net/media/bell-laboratories-holmdel-bell-laboratories-road-holmdel-monmouth-county-nj-d679d1
[6] Library of Congress, 2000+, 1. Title Sheet - Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, Bell Laboratories Road, Holmdel, Monmouth County, NJ Drawings from Survey HALS NJ-7
https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.nj1850.sheet/?sp=1&st=image
[7] Murray Hill, New Jersey, US, The global headquarters of Nokia Bell Labs hosts the first end-to-end 5G lab, Nokia
https://www.bell-labs.com/about/locations/murray-hill-new-jersey-us/
Address
+1 908-743-9230
600 Mountain Avenue, Murray Hill, NJ 07974-0636, United States
相关链接:
[1] 2023-10-07,[打听,讨论] 1947年12月16日(15日),晶体管在哪里发明的?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1405050.html
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[3] 2023-10-06,[感慨] 兴旺时期的贝尔实验室:真理与人数无关;与同行评议无关
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[8] 2020-10-15,[悲恸] 自杀,往往是他杀
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[9] 2023-01-06,Zenas 公理:2023年《Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time》里的图示
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