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[打听，讨论] 1947年12月16日（15日），晶体管在哪里发明的？
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[打听，讨论] 1947年12月16日（15日），晶体管在哪里发明的？
贝尔实验室： Bell Telephone Laboratories, Bell Laboratories
点接触晶体管： point-contact transistor
新泽西州默里山： Murray Hill, New Jersey
一、第一只晶体管的发明时间？
发明于：1947年，在11月17日至12月23日的所谓“奇迹月”期间。（In 1947, during the so-called “Miracle Month” of November 17 to December 23.）
Bell Telephone Laboratories, New Jersey
https://aps.org/programs/honors/history/historicsites/transistor.cfm
November 17 - December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor
https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200011/history.cfm
但是，是 1947-12-16（周二），还是 1947-12-15（周一），网上的说法不一。
How the First Transistor Worked, IEEE Spectrum
https://spectrum.ieee.org/transistor-history
transistor, electronics, britannica
https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor
以 1947-12-16（周二）多见。
但是，尚不能排除的可能性：1947-12-15（周一）。
1947-12-15 巴丁（John Bardeen）、布拉坦（Walter Houser Brattain）制作出第一只“点接触晶体管 pointcontact transistor”。1947-12-23 下午给贝尔实验室人员们做了演示。观看演示的有肖克莱，肖克莱的的上司、声学家 Fletcher，贝尔的研究室主任 Bown，此外还有提供锗样品的 Gibney，和巴丁、布拉坦在同一个实验室的 Pearson，负责接线测试的 Moore。
图1 第一个点接触型的锗晶体管 first point-contact transistor made of germanium
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bell-laboratories-transistor-water-tower
图2 The tower was built in 1961. The famed Eero Saarinen-designed headquarters built at the same time is up the road.
这座塔建于1961年。同时建造的著名的埃罗·萨里宁设计的总部就在路上。
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bell-laboratories-transistor-water-tower
图3 默里山的贝尔实验室
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bell-laboratories-transistor-water-tower
图4 默里山的贝尔实验室
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bell-laboratories-transistor-water-tower
图5 The photograph was taken in the Acoustics Foyer of the Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey in May 1942. Credit: Universal Images Group Editorial/Getty Images. 这张照片是1942年5月在新泽西州默里山贝尔电话实验室的声学大厅拍摄的。
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00426-6/figures/1
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00426-6
二、第一只晶体管的发明地点？
463 West Street is a 13 building complex located on the block between West Street, Washington Street, Bank Street, and Bethune Street in Manhattan, New York. It was originally the home of Bell Telephone Laboratories between 1898 and 1966. For a time, it was the largest industrial research center in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and further designated as a National Historic Landmark, as Bell Telephone Laboratories. Many early technological inventions were developed here including automatic telephone panel and crossbar switches, the first experimental talking movies (1923), black and white and color TV, video telephones, radar, the vacuum tube, medical equipment, the development of the phonograph record and the first commercial broadcasts including the first broadcast of a baseball game and the New York Philharmonic with Toscanini conducting. It also served as the headquarters for the company from 1925 to the early 1960s, after which the headquarters moved to Murray Hill, New Jersey. The site was also the home for part of the Manhattan Project during World War II. Shortly after the war, the transistor was invented here. After two years of renovations by Richard Meier, the building was reopened in 1970 as Westbeth Artists Community for low to middle income artists. In addition to affordable artist housing, the complex contains a theatre, an art gallery, and a synagogue. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The complex was listed a second time on the National Register in 2009, for its high-profile and successful example of adaptive reuse of the property.
西大街463号是一座13栋建筑的综合体，位于纽约曼哈顿西大街、华盛顿街、银行街和白求恩街之间。1898年至1966年间，这里最初是贝尔电话实验室的所在地。有一段时间，它是美国最大的工业研究中心。它被列入国家历史名胜名录，并被进一步指定为国家历史地标，即贝尔电话实验室。这里发展了许多早期的技术发明，包括自动电话面板和横杆开关、第一部实验性谈话电影（1923年）、黑白和彩色电视、视频电话、雷达、真空管、医疗设备，留声机唱片的发展和第一次商业广播，包括棒球比赛的第一次广播和托斯卡尼尼指挥的纽约爱乐乐团。1925年至20世纪60年代初，它也是该公司的总部，之后总部迁至新泽西州的默里山。该遗址也是二战期间曼哈顿项目的一部分所在地。战争结束后不久，这里发明了晶体管。经过Richard Meier两年的翻修，该建筑于1970年重新开放，成为Westbeth艺术家社区，面向中低收入艺术家。除了负担得起的艺术家住房外，该建筑群还包括一个剧院、一个美术馆和一个犹太教堂。1975年，它被宣布为国家历史地标。2009年，该建筑群第二次被列入国家登记册，因为它是该地产适应性再利用的高调而成功的例子。
https://maps.roadtrippers.com/us/new-york-ny/points-of-interest/bell-telephone-laboratories-new-york
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated started operation on January 1, 1925, with Frank B. Jewett as its president and Harold D. Arnold as director of research. It was formed mostly from the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company and was housed in a building at 463 West Street in New York City. It would move to Murray Hill, New Jersey in 1941, although the West Street address remained its official headquarters until 1966.
贝尔电话实验室于1925年1月1日，Frank B.Jewett 担任总裁，Harold D.Arnold 担任研究总监。它主要由西部电气公司的工程部组成，位于纽约市西街463号的一栋大楼里。1941年，它将搬到新泽西州的默里山，尽管西街地址一直是它的官方总部，直到1966年。
https://ethw.org/w/images/1/1e/Memories_-_A_Personal_History_of_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories.pdf
23 December 1947 was a snowy early winter day at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J. A group of senior Bell Labs scientists and administrators gathered in a laboratory where physicists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain were about to demonstrate the first solid state amplifier, the point-contact transistor. They switched their invention in and out of an audio circuit, so those gathered could clearly hear the sound being amplified. And unlike vacuum tubes (the then-standard electronic device), the amplification was instantaneous; no warm-up time was required.
This first demonstration was just one milestone on a research trajectory that had its start back in 1936. Mervin Kelly, then newly promoted to the post of Director of Research, decided to form a research group on solid-state physics. His hope was that a program of basic research in this area would lead to solid state electronic replacements for both the millions of moving, clanking electromechanical relays that were the chief components of telephone switches, and the bulky, hot, fragile vacuum tubes used to amplify telephone signals. Kelly’s very first hire as research director was for this program, a young theoretical physicist from MIT, William Shockley. Shockley and a handful of colleagues began working on the problem, concentrating on theoretical work and on well understood semiconductors such as copper oxide. In 1940-1941, this project, along with almost everything else at Bell Labs, was put aside for war work.
1947年12月23日，在新泽西州默里山的贝尔电话实验室，一个初冬下雪的日子。一群贝尔实验室的高级科学家和管理人员聚集在一个实验室里，物理学家约翰·巴丁和沃尔特·布拉坦即将在那里演示第一个固态放大器，即点接触晶体管。他们在音频电路中切换他们的发明，这样聚集在一起的人就可以清楚地听到被放大的声音。与真空管（当时的标准电子设备）不同，放大是瞬时的；不需要预热时间。
这第一次演示只是始于1936年的研究轨迹上的一个里程碑。当时刚刚升任研究主任的Mervin Kelly决定成立一个固态物理学研究小组。他希望这一领域的基础研究计划能够为数百万移动的、叮当作响的机电继电器和用于放大电话信号的笨重、炎热、脆弱的真空管带来固态电子替代品，机电继电器是电话开关的主要部件。Kelly第一次被聘为该项目的研究主任，是麻省理工学院的一位年轻理论物理学家William Shockley。肖克利和一些同事开始研究这个问题，专注于理论工作和众所周知的半导体，如氧化铜。1940-1941年，这个项目和贝尔实验室的几乎所有其他项目一起被搁置在战争工作中。
https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/your-engineering-heritage-bell-labs-and-the-transistor/
小结：
贝尔电话实验室的大多数人，于 1941年搬到新泽西州的默里山（Murray Hill, New Jersey）。
但其总部一直在纽约市西街463号。1966年才搬走。
所以，1947年的晶体管，是在“新泽西州的默里山”发明的。
图6 纪念晶体管发明75周年，2022-12
https://pectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=32243578&width=878&quality=80
https://spectrum.ieee.org/transistor-history
参考资料：
[1]童诗白. 世纪回眸：纪念晶体管的发明和由此引出的启发[J]. 电气电子教学学报, 2001, 23(3): 3-6,20.
https://wwwv3.cqvip.com/doc/journal/2437988289
[2] Atlas Obscura, 2021-12-03, Bell Laboratories Transistor Water Tower, Holmdel, New Jersey
https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bell-laboratories-transistor-water-tower
This water tower commemorates the invention of the transistor on this site in 1947.
[3] Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 west street, New York, New York USA
https://maps.roadtrippers.com/us/new-york-ny/points-of-interest/bell-telephone-laboratories-new-york
[4] A. Michael Noll, 2015-06-30, Memories: A Personal History of Bell Telephone Laboratories
https://ethw.org/w/images/1/1e/Memories_-_A_Personal_History_of_Bell_Telephone_Laboratories.pdf
[5] Your Engineering Heritage: Bell Labs and the Transistor, 2009-11-01, By Sheldon Hochheiser, Ph.D., IEEE History Center
https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/your-engineering-heritage-bell-labs-and-the-transistor/
相关链接：
[1] 2023-10-06，[感慨] 兴旺时期的贝尔实验室：真理与人数无关；与同行评议无关
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1404886.html
[2] 2023-09-17，Zenas 公理：2023年汪波老师的《为什么芯片相关的发明最初总不受待见？》
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1402929.html
[3] 2020-06-24，寻找共性：兴旺时期的贝尔实验室，和日本诺贝尔奖井喷
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1239188.html
[4] 2021-08-11，[感慨] 芯片历史：真理与人数无关；与同行评议无关
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1299289.html
[5] 2020-10-18，[求证] “不知名的独立学者或小团队”不用“被”自杀了？
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1254817.html
[6] 2020-10-15，[悲恸] 自杀，往往是他杀
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1254476.html
[7] 2023-01-06，Zenas 公理：2023年《Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time》里的图示
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1370782.html
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