|||
美国的博士培养规模有多大?
贺飞 北京大学
博士毕业生是经济、社会、文化和科技发展的重要人力资源来源之一,一国的博士培养体系对其经济发展十分重要。近年来,世界各国逐渐认识到博士培养对经济和文化的贡献,从而大量投入博士教育。美国博士培养体系被公认为是全球最好的之一,每年世界各国都有大量最好的毕业生赴美攻读博士学位,并且这一人数呈增长趋势。而每年详细统计分析授予博士学位人数也是提升科学、工程、研究和学术方面人力资源投资的一项重要举措,能为决策者提供重要决策参考。
2015年12月4日,美国科学基金会下属的国家科学与工程统计中心和社会、行为与经济科学学部联合公布了“2014年美国高校授予博士学位统计”结果,共有70份详细统计表格,涉及美国博士培养的方方面面。本文数据就是来自这一统计结果。这项调查是一项对美国有博士学位授予权的学术单位每年授予研究型博士学位的普查。调查由6家联邦机构资助:NASA、国家人文学科基金、NIH、NSF、美国农业部和美国教育部。其中一些重要的趋势值得决策者关注。本文介绍美国博士培养规模,其他相关数据将在后续介绍。
数据表明,2014年,426家美国有博士授予权的学术机构共授予54,070个研究型博士学位,是历年最高的。每年授予博士学位是呈现随时间逐年增长的趋势,平均年增长率为3.4%(部分年份短暂的缓慢增长甚至下降)(图1)。
图1 美国高校历年授予博士学位数量: 1957–2014
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
表1给出了2014年授予博士学位人数前50高校的相关统计数据(表中人数相同按机构名称排序)。
表1 2014年授予博士学位人数前50高校,按人数排序
排名 | 机构名称 | 授予博士人数 |
1 | 伯克利加州大学 | 915 |
2 | 密西根大学,Ann Arbor | 851 |
3 | 德克萨斯大学,Austin | 850 |
4 | 威斯康辛大学,Madison | 784 |
5 | 佛罗里达大学 | 763 |
6 | 明尼苏达大学,Twin Cities | 762 |
7 | 加州大学洛杉矶分校 | 757 |
8 | 伊利诺伊大学,Urbana-Champaign | 756 |
9 | 普渡大学,West Lafayette | 731 |
10 | 斯坦福大学 | 729 |
11 | 哈佛大学 | 715 |
12 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 714 |
13 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 683 |
14 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 654 |
15 | U. Washington, Seattle | 649 |
16 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 594 |
17 | U. Maryland, College Park | 583 |
18 | Walden U. | 563 |
19 | Georgia Institute of Technology | 551 |
20 | Columbia U. in the City of New York | 545 |
21 | Michigan State U. | 543 |
22 | U. North Carolina, Chapel Hill | 535 |
23 | Cornell U. | 508 |
24 | U. California, Davis | 489 |
25 | U. California, San Diego | 481 |
26 | New York U. | 479 |
27 | U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh | 475 |
28 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U. | 474 |
29 | Graduate Center, CUNY | 469 |
30 | North Carolina State U. | 459 |
31 | U. Pennsylvania | 452 |
32 | Johns Hopkins U. | 447 |
33 | U. Arizona | 433 |
34 | Northwestern U. | 431 |
34 | U. Southern California | 431 |
36 | Arizona State U. | 427 |
37 | Rutgers, State U. New Jersey, New Brunswick | 425 |
38 | U. Georgia | 421 |
39 | Boston U. | 420 |
40 | U. California, Irvine | 414 |
41 | Yale U. | 403 |
42 | U. Chicago | 401 |
43 | U. Virginia, Charlottesville | 393 |
44 | Princeton U. | 389 |
45 | Indiana U., Bloomington | 380 |
45 | U. Colorado, Boulder | 380 |
47 | Florida State U. | 366 |
48 | U. Iowa | 361 |
49 | U. California, Santa Barbara | 353 |
50 | Iowa State U. | 349 |
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
表2给出了1973年以来美国每年的博士学位授予机构数以及平均每个机构授予的博士学位的平均人数以及每年的中位人数情况。
表2美国有博士学位授予权机构数和平均授予博士人数:1973–2014
|
|
| 授予博士学位数 | ||
年 | 有博士学位授予权机构数 |
| 总计 | 平均人数(每机构) | 中位人数(每机构) |
1973 | 286 |
| 33,755 | 118.0 | 42.0 |
1974 | 292 |
| 33,047 | 113.2 | 39.5 |
1975 | 292 |
| 32,952 | 112.8 | 43.5 |
1976 | 294 |
| 32,946 | 112.1 | 43.5 |
1977 | 304 |
| 31,716 | 104.3 | 41.0 |
1978 | 311 |
| 30,875 | 99.3 | 36.0 |
1979 | 311 |
| 31,238 | 100.4 | 40.0 |
1980 | 320 |
| 31,019 | 96.9 | 37.0 |
1981 | 323 |
| 31,355 | 97.1 | 41.0 |
1982 | 328 |
| 31,108 | 94.8 | 35.0 |
1983 | 332 |
| 31,280 | 94.2 | 37.0 |
1984 | 331 |
| 31,334 | 94.7 | 39.0 |
1985 | 337 |
| 31,295 | 92.9 | 36.0 |
1986 | 340 |
| 31,897 | 93.8 | 36.0 |
1987 | 349 |
| 32,365 | 92.7 | 38.0 |
1988 | 351 |
| 33,497 | 95.4 | 36.0 |
1989 | 356 |
| 34,325 | 96.4 | 36.0 |
1990 | 354 |
| 36,065 | 101.9 | 42.5 |
1991 | 364 |
| 37,530 | 103.1 | 38.5 |
1992 | 367 |
| 38,886 | 106.0 | 42.0 |
1993 | 372 |
| 39,800 | 107.0 | 42.5 |
1994 | 374 |
| 41,034 | 109.7 | 43.0 |
1995 | 382 |
| 41,747 | 109.3 | 43.0 |
1996 | 390 |
| 42,437 | 108.8 | 44.0 |
1997 | 384 |
| 42,539 | 110.8 | 44.5 |
1998 | 388 |
| 42,638 | 109.9 | 43.5 |
1999 | 397 |
| 41,100 | 103.5 | 41.0 |
2000 | 409 |
| 41,372 | 101.2 | 40.0 |
2001 | 418 |
| 40,744 | 97.5 | 36.0 |
2002 | 416 |
| 40,031 | 96.2 | 38.0 |
2003 | 425 |
| 40,766 | 95.9 | 36.0 |
2004 | 419 |
| 42,123 | 100.5 | 38.0 |
2005 | 419 |
| 43,385 | 103.5 | 41.0 |
2006 | 419 |
| 45,622 | 108.9 | 40.0 |
2007 | 414 |
| 48,132 | 116.3 | 46.0 |
2008 | 421 |
| 48,778 | 115.9 | 43.0 |
2009 | 422 |
| 49,553 | 117.4 | 45.0 |
2010 | 418 |
| 48,031 | 114.9 | 42.0 |
2011 | 412 |
| 48,914 | 118.7 | 41.5 |
2012 | 418 |
| 50,961 | 121.9 | 45.0 |
2013 | 422 |
| 52,747 | 125.0 | 44.0 |
2014 | 426 |
| 54,070 | 126.9 | 47.0 |
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
表3给出了2014年各领域授予博士学位数的前20家机构名单。
表3 2014年各领域授予博士学位数前20家的机构名单
排名 | 领域和机构 | 授予博士学位数 |
| 生命科学a | 12,504 |
| 前20家合计 | 3,520 |
1 | Johns Hopkins U. | 235 |
2 | Harvard U. | 233 |
3 | U. North Carolina, Chapel Hill | 215 |
4 | U. Florida | 209 |
5 | U. Wisconsin, Madison | 206 |
6 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 196 |
7 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 186 |
8 | U. California, Davis | 182 |
9 | U. California, Berkeley | 180 |
10 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 177 |
11 | U. Washington, Seattle | 174 |
12 | U. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh | 162 |
13 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 160 |
13 | U. California, Los Angeles | 160 |
15 | U. Pennsylvania | 149 |
16 | Walden U. | 147 |
17 | U. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | 144 |
18 | U. Georgia | 143 |
19 | Michigan State U. | 135 |
20 | Purdue U., West Lafayette | 127 |
|
|
|
| 物质科学b | 9,859 |
| 前20家合计 | 2,879 |
1 | U. California, Berkeley | 216 |
2 | Stanford U. | 176 |
3 | U. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | 167 |
4 | U. California, Los Angeles | 165 |
5 | U. Washington, Seattle | 164 |
6 | U. Wisconsin-Madison | 158 |
7 | Purdue U., West Lafayette | 153 |
8 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 149 |
9 | Harvard U. | 137 |
10 | U. Maryland, College Park | 135 |
11 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 132 |
11 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 132 |
13 | U. Texas, Austin | 129 |
14 | North Carolina State U. | 128 |
15 | Georgia Institute of Technology | 125 |
16 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 124 |
16 | U. Florida | 124 |
16 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 124 |
19 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 122 |
20 | U. California, San Diego | 119 |
|
|
|
| 社会科学c | 8,657 |
| 前20家合计 | 2,266 |
1 | Walden U. | 266 |
2 | Graduate Center, CUNY | 175 |
3 | U. California, Berkeley | 137 |
4 | U. California, Los Angeles | 136 |
5 | U. Texas, Austin | 117 |
6 | Harvard U. | 110 |
7 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 109 |
8 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 108 |
9 | U. Florida | 105 |
10 | U. Wisconsin-Madison | 104 |
11 | U. Chicago | 102 |
12 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 97 |
12 | U. Maryland, College Park | 97 |
14 | Michigan State U. | 91 |
15 | Arizona State U. | 87 |
15 | New York U. | 87 |
17 | Columbia U. in the City of New York | 86 |
17 | Fielding Graduate U. | 86 |
19 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 85 |
20 | George Mason U. | 81 |
|
|
|
| 工程 | 9,568 |
| 前20家合计 | 3,909 |
1 | Georgia Institute of Technology | 359 |
2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 304 |
3 | Purdue U., West Lafayette | 291 |
4 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 253 |
5 | Stanford U. | 248 |
6 | U. Texas, Austin | 241 |
7 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 240 |
8 | U. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | 209 |
9 | U. California, Berkeley | 204 |
10 | U. Florida | 197 |
11 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U. | 193 |
12 | North Carolina State U. | 157 |
13 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 149 |
14 | U. Maryland, College Park | 138 |
15 | U. California, Los Angeles | 137 |
16 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 130 |
17 | U. Wisconsin-Madison | 126 |
18 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 114 |
19 | Carnegie Mellon U. | 110 |
20 | Cornell U. | 109 |
|
|
|
| 教育学 | 4,793 |
| 前20家合计 | 1,310 |
1 | Columbia U., Teachers C. | 129 |
2 | U. Texas, Austin | 89 |
3 | Michigan State U. | 83 |
4 | U. Georgia | 77 |
5 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 75 |
6 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 74 |
7 | U. Wisconsin, Madison | 70 |
8 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 66 |
9 | Walden U. | 62 |
10 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 59 |
11 | Texas Tech U. | 54 |
11 | U. North Texas, Denton | 54 |
13 | Boston U. | 53 |
13 | Indiana U., Bloomington | 53 |
13 | U. Maryland, College Park | 53 |
13 | U. North Carolina, Greensboro | 53 |
17 | George Washington U. | 52 |
17 | Oklahoma State U., Stillwater | 52 |
17 | U. Florida | 52 |
20 | Auburn U., Auburn | 50 |
|
|
|
| 人文科学 | 5,486 |
| 前20家合计 | 1,936 |
1 | Harvard U. | 141 |
2 | Columbia U. in the City of New York | 135 |
3 | New York U. | 127 |
4 | U. Chicago | 122 |
5 | U. California, Berkeley | 117 |
6 | Princeton U. | 109 |
7 | U. California, Los Angeles | 106 |
8 | Graduate Center, CUNY | 103 |
9 | Yale U. | 102 |
10 | U. Texas, Austin | 91 |
11 | U. Wisconsin, Madison | 90 |
12 | Indiana U., Bloomington | 85 |
13 | U. Virginia, Charlottesville | 83 |
14 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 81 |
14 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 81 |
16 | U. North Carolina, Chapel Hill | 74 |
17 | Boston U. | 73 |
17 | Stanford U. | 73 |
19 | U. California, Santa Barbara | 72 |
20 | Emory U. | 71 |
|
|
|
| 其他d | 3,203 |
| 前20家合计 | 904 |
1 | Walden U. | 82 |
2 | U. Texas, Austin | 75 |
3 | U. Minnesota, Twin Cities | 60 |
4 | Regent U. | 51 |
5 | Florida State U. | 49 |
5 | Pennsylvania State U., U. Park and Hershey Medical Center | 49 |
7 | U. Michigan, Ann Arbor | 47 |
8 | U. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | 45 |
8 | U. Southern California | 45 |
10 | Michigan State U. | 43 |
11 | Texas Tech U. | 39 |
12 | Ohio State U., Columbus | 38 |
12 | U. North Carolina, Chapel Hill | 38 |
14 | Columbia U. in the City of New York | 36 |
14 | New York U. | 36 |
14 | U. Kansas | 36 |
17 | Temple U. | 35 |
18 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U. | 34 |
19 | Texas A&M U., College Station | 33 |
19 | U. Texas, Arlington | 33 |
注:a 包括农学和自然资源;生物,生物医学和健康科学
b 包括数学和计算机和信息科学
c 包括心理学
d 非科学与工程领域未分类显示
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
表4和表5给出了2014年美国各地区授予博士学位人数总数和各领域按性别统计的人数。
表4 2014年美国各地区授予博士学位数
排名 | 州(或地区) | 授予博士学位数 |
|
|
|
1 | California | 6,200 |
2 | New York | 4,324 |
3 | Texas | 3,972 |
4 | Massachusetts | 2,820 |
5 | Pennsylvania | 2,594 |
6 | Illinois | 2,392 |
7 | Florida | 2,275 |
8 | Michigan | 1,958 |
9 | Ohio | 1,929 |
10 | North Carolina | 1,695 |
|
|
|
11 | Virginia | 1,557 |
12 | Indiana | 1,456 |
13 | Georgia | 1,454 |
14 | Minnesota | 1,356 |
15 | Maryland | 1,289 |
16 | New Jersey | 1,154 |
17 | Wisconsin | 1,110 |
18 | Colorado | 943 |
19 | Washington | 931 |
20 | Missouri | 892 |
|
|
|
20 | Tennessee | 892 |
22 | Arizona | 891 |
23 | Connecticut | 733 |
23 | Iowa | 733 |
25 | Alabama | 670 |
26 | Louisiana | 614 |
27 | District of Columbia | 596 |
28 | South Carolina | 540 |
29 | Kentucky | 523 |
30 | Oklahoma | 517 |
|
|
|
31 | Utah | 508 |
32 | Kansas | 485 |
33 | Oregon | 439 |
34 | Mississippi | 420 |
35 | Nebraska | 366 |
36 | New Mexico | 337 |
37 | Rhode Island | 333 |
38 | Arkansas | 211 |
39 | Nevada | 199 |
39 | Puerto Rico | 199 |
|
|
|
41 | Hawaii | 196 |
42 | Delaware | 195 |
43 | West Virginia | 192 |
44 | New Hampshire | 179 |
45 | North Dakota | 159 |
46 | Idaho | 133 |
47 | Montana | 107 |
48 | Wyoming | 103 |
49 | South Dakota | 101 |
50 | Maine | 76 |
|
|
|
51 | Vermont | 73 |
52 | Alaska | 49 |
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
表5 2014年美国各地区授予博士学位数,按领域和性别
州或地名 | 总计a | 生命科学b | 物质科学c | 社会科学d | 工程 | 教育学 | 人文 | 其他e | ||||||||
男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | 男 | 女 | |
美国f | 29,049 | 24,857 | 5,468 | 6,998 | 7,004 | 2,820 | 3,477 | 5,155 | 7,349 | 2,179 | 1,467 | 3,316 | 2,697 | 2,785 | 1,587 | 1,604 |
Alabama | 342 | 328 | 98 | 117 | 68 | 28 | 22 | 44 | 88 | 26 | 37 | 90 | 8 | 11 | 21 | 12 |
Alaska | 17 | 32 | D | D | 9 | 7 | D | D | D | D | 0 | D | D | D | D | 0 |
Arizona | 478 | 411 | 78 | 89 | 110 | 43 | 68 | 100 | 113 | 41 | 30 | 68 | 51 | 48 | 28 | 22 |
Arkansas | 114 | 94 | 40 | 36 | 27 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
California | 3,454 | 2,717 | 626 | 688 | 967 | 369 | 492 | 709 | 859 | 253 | 93 | 221 | 324 | 367 | 93 | 110 |
Colorado | 529 | 409 | 94 | 136 | 170 | 64 | 44 | 61 | 144 | 39 | 35 | 69 | 27 | 20 | 15 | 20 |
Connecticut | 393 | 339 | 83 | 116 | 94 | 37 | 69 | 75 | 62 | 28 | D | D | 60 | 58 | D | D |
Delaware | 100 | 95 | D | D | 22 | 18 | 14 | 22 | 38 | 25 | D | D | D | D | 0 | 0 |
District of Columbia | 275 | 320 | 28 | 58 | 33 | 24 | 85 | 108 | 42 | 7 | 11 | 42 | 48 | 45 | 28 | 36 |
Florida | 1,218 | 1,056 | 198 | 261 | 306 | 136 | 154 | 218 | 311 | 98 | 89 | 182 | 87 | 86 | 73 | 75 |
Georgia | 807 | 643 | 144 | 185 | 181 | 73 | 62 | 119 | 289 | 74 | 32 | 95 | 66 | 61 | 33 | 36 |
Hawaii | 88 | 108 | 23 | 22 | 17 | 11 | 15 | 32 | D | D | 11 | 19 | 13 | 17 | D | D |
Idaho | 86 | 47 | 20 | 12 | 18 | 9 | 5 | D | D | D | 8 | 17 | D | D | 0 | D |
Illinois | 1,331 | 1,061 | 194 | 269 | 343 | 127 | 185 | 230 | 313 | 98 | 48 | 81 | 150 | 168 | 98 | 88 |
Indiana | 868 | 581 | 115 | 155 | 223 | 66 | 73 | 103 | 287 | 61 | 38 | 82 | 98 | 78 | 34 | 36 |
Iowa | 400 | 329 | 98 | 106 | 90 | 49 | 27 | 43 | 96 | 33 | 36 | 50 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 21 |
Kansas | 256 | 228 | 71 | 58 | 44 | 22 | 43 | 42 | 49 | 21 | 8 | 38 | 20 | 25 | 21 | 22 |
Kentucky | 279 | 244 | 62 | 81 | 42 | 19 | 26 | 44 | 69 | 13 | 9 | 35 | 44 | 30 | 27 | 22 |
Louisiana | 327 | 280 | 68 | 82 | 84 | 39 | 39 | 43 | 62 | 18 | 14 | 42 | 29 | 28 | 31 | 28 |
Maine | 36 | 40 | 14 | 15 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | 0 | 0 | D |
Maryland | 650 | 632 | 147 | 260 | 163 | 63 | 70 | 115 | 186 | 55 | 17 | 49 | 47 | 54 | 20 | 36 |
Massachusetts | 1,563 | 1,253 | 295 | 372 | 381 | 153 | 187 | 237 | 425 | 143 | 49 | 109 | 152 | 170 | 74 | 69 |
Michigan | 1,071 | 885 | 176 | 220 | 231 | 99 | 105 | 185 | 355 | 85 | 79 | 155 | 71 | 85 | 54 | 56 |
Minnesota | 631 | 710 | 146 | 213 | 100 | 27 | 138 | 235 | 108 | 21 | 44 | 91 | 31 | 40 | 64 | 83 |
Mississippi | 213 | 202 | 39 | 44 | D | D | 20 | 42 | 44 | 9 | 40 | 70 | D | D | 18 | 18 |
Missouri | 475 | 413 | 105 | 120 | 107 | 41 | 66 | 82 | 95 | 26 | 24 | 63 | 44 | 53 | 34 | 28 |
Montana | 58 | 49 | 24 | 18 | 13 | 8 | D | D | D | D | 13 | 8 | 0 | D | 0 | 0 |
Nebraska | 166 | 199 | 51 | 74 | 34 | 15 | 17 | 29 | 29 | 10 | 13 | 34 | 9 | 25 | 13 | 12 |
Nevada | 107 | 91 | 10 | 22 | 17 | 11 | 23 | 25 | D | D | 13 | 23 | D | D | D | D |
New Hampshire | 95 | 84 | 35 | 41 | 36 | 15 | D | D | 14 | 7 | D | D | D | D | D | D |
New Jersey | 637 | 516 | 76 | 119 | 191 | 62 | 76 | 127 | 132 | 50 | 23 | 32 | 99 | 89 | 40 | 37 |
New Mexico | 177 | 160 | 26 | 27 | 46 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 49 | 16 | 13 | 43 | 11 | 18 | 10 | 13 |
New York | 2,218 | 2,094 | 388 | 517 | 517 | 216 | 351 | 558 | 432 | 135 | 87 | 222 | 349 | 332 | 94 | 114 |
North Carolina | 852 | 839 | 190 | 313 | 213 | 104 | 74 | 130 | 230 | 69 | 35 | 100 | 64 | 73 | 46 | 50 |
North Dakota | 93 | 66 | 23 | 26 | D | D | 9 | D | D | D | 15 | 16 | D | 0 | D | D |
Ohio | 1,054 | 872 | 215 | 234 | 243 | 114 | 100 | 143 | 294 | 73 | 65 | 149 | 87 | 94 | 50 | 65 |
Oklahoma | 278 | 238 | 51 | 51 | 59 | 29 | 34 | 45 | 64 | 19 | 27 | 54 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 19 |
Oregon | 220 | 219 | 48 | 76 | 66 | 25 | 20 | 44 | 54 | 10 | 7 | 24 | 17 | 22 | 8 | 18 |
Pennsylvania | 1,410 | 1,184 | 275 | 352 | 370 | 119 | 138 | 181 | 324 | 125 | 64 | 142 | 147 | 153 | 92 | 112 |
Puerto Rico | 61 | 127 | 11 | 26 | 17 | 11 | 13 | 66 | 5 | D | 0 | D | 6 | 6 | 9 | 12 |
Rhode Island | 149 | 184 | 24 | 56 | 57 | 37 | 18 | 35 | D | D | D | D | 26 | 30 | D | 0 |
South Carolina | 305 | 235 | 54 | 70 | 56 | 30 | 22 | 34 | 109 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 10 | 8 | 17 | 16 |
South Dakota | 59 | 41 | 20 | 21 | 17 | 5 | D | D | 14 | 5 | D | D | 0 | D | D | 0 |
Tennessee | 496 | 395 | 99 | 125 | 79 | 24 | 43 | 75 | 146 | 28 | 37 | 73 | 57 | 46 | 35 | 24 |
Texas | 2,180 | 1,778 | 402 | 497 | 495 | 198 | 190 | 286 | 652 | 188 | 93 | 305 | 190 | 161 | 158 | 143 |
Utah | 311 | 187 | 74 | 50 | 85 | 20 | 34 | 44 | 76 | 18 | 20 | 28 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 15 |
Vermont | 35 | 38 | 19 | 17 | D | D | D | 7 | D | D | D | D | D | D | 0 | 0 |
Virginia | 860 | 697 | 111 | 173 | 164 | 70 | 112 | 148 | 260 | 79 | 64 | 126 | 67 | 59 | 82 | 42 |
Washington | 502 | 428 | 113 | 128 | 139 | 59 | 55 | 79 | 116 | 47 | 23 | 44 | 32 | 46 | 24 | 25 |
West Virginia | 97 | 95 | 17 | 24 | 25 | 5 | 14 | 20 | D | D | 8 | 28 | 6 | 9 | D | D |
Wisconsin | 566 | 544 | 119 | 181 | 128 | 57 | 72 | 90 | 129 | 39 | 36 | 84 | 54 | 69 | 28 | 24 |
Wyoming | 62 | 40 | 8 | 13 | D | D | 5 | 6 | 24 | 5 | D | 10 | 0 | D | 0 | D |
a 排除164名未报告性别的博士学位得主
b 包括农学、自然资源;生物学、生物医学;以及健康科学
c 包括数学和计算机和信息科学
d 包括心理学
e 非科学与工程领域未分类
f 包括50州,哥伦比亚特区和波多黎各
数据来源:Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities 2014
参考文献:
1、National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. 2015. Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2014. Special Report NSF 16-300. Arlington.
2、哪国学生在美获博士学位数量最多?http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1015-941129.html
(转载请注明出处,联系作者st69786@tom.com)
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2024-9-1 09:28
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社