一般研究中，谈的二阶的模式有哪些？

    二阶(Second order)的反映性Reflective模式与形成性Formative模式是属于阶层式潜在变量模式(Hierarchical latent variable Model)最简单的模式，二阶的反映性与形成性模式与一阶的反映性与形成性模式结合，形成四种模式，分别是模式一reflective-reflective，模式二reflective-formative，模式三formative- reflective，模式四 formative - formative。

请参考：

• Huang, L.-C., and Shiau, W.-L. 2017. "Factors affecting creativity in information system development: Insights from a decomposition and PLS–MGA," Industrial Management & Data Systems (117: 3), pp. 442-458. (SCI)

• Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., and Podsakoff, P. M. (2003), "A Critical Review of Construct Indicators and Measurement Model Misspecification in Marketing and Consumer Research," Journal of Consumer Research (30:2), pp. 199-218.

• Petter, S., Straub, D., and Rai, A. 2007. "Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research" MIS Quarterly (31: 4), pp. 623-656.

• 萧文龙(2020)，统计分析SPSS(中文版)+SmartPLS 3 (PLS_SEM)第三版，台北：碁峰，本书第19章。