植保方法和植保机械系列综述论文之[2]《国内外林业有害生物防治靶标识别技术的研究与展望》
重点围绕生物胁迫之植物病害、植物虫害、鼠（兔）危害、有害植物等直接靶标及其危害的间接靶标的主要特征分析，综述国内外采用不同途径检测和识别有害生物防治靶标的技术与装备研究，提出研究基于植物胁迫预警靶标识别、传感网络协同防御控制的林业有害生物防治靶标识别技术及综合防治智能化系统，提出根据植物在生物胁迫下的物理化学特征表现开展机器视觉、气敏、力敏、热敏、声敏等防治靶标的被动传感技术研究，利用激光雷达扫描、光声效应主动引诱以及电子昆虫和气味主动引诱等主动传感技术，以及研发设计生物、磁敏、湿敏、热敏等新型传感器和研究超声波、LiDAR、辐射、卫星图像等多传感器融合技术，提高有害生物靶标的识别精度。最后围绕植物根系、野生哺乳动物、土栖白蚁、有害植物等特定靶标提出相应的靶标感知识别技术研究建议。
表1 林业有害生物靶标主要特征及识别方法
Tab. 1 Main features and recognition technology of forest pest targets
分类Category | 主要类别 Main type | 危害部位 Damage location | 靶标主要特征 Main features of control targets | 主要识别方法 Main recognition methods |
植物病害 Plant diseases | 病原细菌、病原真菌、病原线虫以及病毒、类病毒、植原体等 Pathogenic bacteria, pathogenic fungi, pathogenic nematode, and viruses, viroid, phytoplasma,etc | 叶部、枝干部、果实、根部 Leaves, branches, fruits and roots | 病原物；变色、坏死、腐烂、萎蔫、畸形及霉状物等相应外部特征；根系隐蔽性病害 Pathogens; discoloration, necrosis, decay, wilting, deformity, mildew and other corresponding external characteristics; hidden root diseases | 分子生物学检测植物侵染性病害；多光谱成像测定植物病害光谱响应特征；探地雷达检测根系病害 Detection of plant infectious diseases by molecular biology; measuring spectral response features of plants by multispectral imaging; detection of root diseases by ground penetrating radar |
植物虫害 Plant insects | 叶部害虫、蛀干害虫、球果种实害虫、地下害虫 Leaf pests, trunk borers, cone and seed pests, underground pests | 树冠及叶片（食叶类），树干、枝条（梢）、果实、根部（钻蛀类），被害木 Canopy and leaves (leaf eaters); trunk, branches (shoots), fruits, roots (borers); damaged trees | 叶片、茎部和繁殖器官等受害症状；害虫的繁殖习性、越冬隐蔽性、运动迁移性等特征 Harmful symptoms on leaf, stem and reproductive organs etc.; reproductive habit, overwintering concealment, movement and migration of pests | 实地镜检；化学调控诱捕；视觉、声测等 Field microscopic examination; chemical regulation and trapping; visual and acoustic sensing, etc |
鼠（兔）危害 Rats and rabbits | 害鼠、害兔 Harm rats and rabbits | 啃食树皮及枝叶、嫩梢、顶芽，抓挠、咬断树干 Gnaw bark, branches, leaves, young shoots and terminal buds; scratch and bite off the trunk | 洞系结构、越冬习性、个体形态、种群数量等特征；敏捷尚跑、适应性强 Features of cave system structure, overwintering habits, individual morphology, population number etc.; characteristics of agility and adaptability | 遥感监测鼠害；实地观察兔害；红外摄像机监测等 Monitoring of rats damage by remote sensing; field observation of rabbits damage; monitoring of rats and rabbits damage by infrared camera, etc. |
有害植物 Harmful plants | 寄生性种子类、攀援缠绕覆盖类、排挤抢占类，杂草 Parasitic seed, climbing, winning and covering plants; exclusion plants; weeds | 缠绕、覆盖林木绞缢枝干，快速繁殖侵占生境 Strangling branches and stems by twinning and covering trees; occupation of habitats through rapid reproductive | 不同有害植物的种类分布及危害程度（盖度）；杂草大多是拟态性或宿根性 Species distribution and damage degree (coverage) of different harmful plants; resemblance or perennial of weeds | 根据反射谱特性，采集图像并识别等 Acquiring harmful plants images and identifying them according to the characteristics of reflection spectrum |
间接靶标 Indirect targets | 病、虫、鼠（兔）、杂草危害 Diseases, insects, rats (rabbits), weeds hazard | 单棵植物、区域植物 Individual tree, regional trees | 靶标植物及危害区域的颜色或外形改变、结构破坏等 Color or shape change, structural damage of target plants and hazardous region, etc | 机器视觉、卫星遥感、激光雷达等 Using machine vision, satellite remote sensing, LiDAR, etc |
[郑加强，徐幼林，张慧春，周宏平，李秋洁.国内外林业有害生物防治靶标识别技术的研究与展望．林业科学,2023，59(3)：152-166. doi: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20210996.]
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