本文为马来西亚理工大学（作者：NORHADIJA BINTI DARWIN）的博士论文，共81页。

热带地区许多国家的大部分时间都被云层覆盖，阻碍了卫星高分辨率光学图像的获取。因此，应用大比例尺制图进行海岸侵蚀评价是一个难点。无人机具有低空飞行和云层下覆盖的能力，可用于高分辨率图像采集。

本研究旨在利用无人机大比例尺绘图系统，改善海岸侵蚀区评估的资料收集方法。本研究的目的是：（1）改进无人机快速低成本大规模海岸侵蚀评估数据采集方法；（2）评估不同地面控制点（GCP）配置和飞行高度下获得的数字摄影测量产品的精度，以及（iii）根据所产生的大规模正射影像，确定和评估因侵蚀而形成的沿海地区。

本文介绍了两种改进的方法：（i）快速数据采集和处理、低成本和精确的无人机绘图；（ii）修改端点率（EPR）和线性回归率（LRR）计算方法，包括两个新的参数即海水和波浪位，以检测海岸线的变化。对水晶湾、阿莱、马六甲和甘榜塞里潘泰、梅尔辛、柔佛海岸线变化的修正EPR和LRR方法进行了t检验，并与同类地区的其他研究进行了比较验证。利用地面控制点（GCP）、检查点（CP）和飞行高度的多种配置生成数字高程模型（DEM）和正射影像，然后进行摄影测量处理。随后，进行了海岸侵蚀评估，确定了私人财产、建筑物和居民区的海岸线变化。结果表明，生成1:14000海岸侵蚀图比例尺的最佳GCP配置为25点。最佳飞行高度为300m，北距±0.002m，±0.004m，±0.389m。此外，本研究显示，大部分海岸线、私人物业、建筑物和住宅区都受到海岸侵蚀的影响。基于修正的EPR和LRR计算方法确定海岸线变化，可以看出海岸线变化率是显著的。综上所述，本研究表明无人机系统具有低空飞行能力强、成本低、海岸线变化探测数据采集和处理速度快、结果准确等优点。

Most of the time, many countries intropical region are covered by cloud which obstruct the acquisition of highresolution optical image from satellite. Thus, the application of large scalemapping for coastal erosion assessment is difficult to be carried out. Theunmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be used for acquisition of high resolutionimage due to its ability of flying at low altitudes and under cloud cover. Thisstudy aims to improve the methodology of data acquisition for assessing erodedcoastal area by using UAV system designed for large scale mapping. Theobjectives of this study are (i) to improve the methodology of data acquisitionfor large scale coastal erosion assessment using UAV with rapid and low cost,(ii) to assess the accuracy of the digital photogrammetric products obtainedwith different ground control points (GCP) configurations and flying altitude,and (iii) to identify and assess coastal areas due to erosion based on thelarge-scale orthophoto produced. Two improved methods were introduced in thisstudy: (i) rapid data acquisition and processing, low cost and accurate mappingusing UAV, and (ii) modification of the end point rate (EPR) and linearregression rate (LRR) calculation methods by including two new parametersnamely the sea water and wave level to detect coastline changes. The modifiedEPR and LRR methods in detecting the coastline changes of Crystal Bay, Alai,Melaka and Kampung Seri Pantai, Mersing, Johor were evaluated throughstatistical model, namely t-test and compared with other studies of similararea for validation and verification. Several configurations of GCP, checkpoints (CP) and flying altitude were used to produce the digital elevationmodel (DEM) and orthophoto which were then processed photogrammetrically.Subsequently, the coastal erosion assessment was performed and thecoastlinechanges of private properties, buildings and residential areas was identified.The results show that the best GCP configuration to produce coastal erosionmapping scale of 1:14000 is 25 points. Meanwhile, the best flying altitude is300m with accuracies of ±0.002m, ±0.004m and ±0.389m in Northing, Easting andHeight respectively. Furthermore, this study shows that most of the coastline,private properties, buildings and residential areas are affected by the coastalerosion. Based on the modified EPR and LRR calculation methods in determiningthe coastline changes, it is evident that the coastline change rate issignificant. In conclusion, this study shows that the UAV system offers manyadvantages such as its ability to fly at low altitude, low cost, rapid dataacquisition and processing in detecting coastline changes and accurate results.

1.  引言

2. 文献回顾

3. 研究方法

4. 结果与分析

5. 海岸侵蚀评价与探讨

6. 结论与建议

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