本文为瑞典林雪平大学（作者：Athanasios Papageorgiou）的毕业论文，共99页。

在过去的几年里，无人机（UAV）逐渐成为取代有人驾驶飞机的一种更有效的替代品，目前，它们正被部署在广泛的军事和民用任务中。这导致了前所未有的市场扩张，给航空工业带来了新的挑战，因此，需要采用最新的设计工具，以实现更快的理念到市场时间和更高的产品性能。

无人机作为一种复杂的工程产品，由众多子系统组成，具有复杂的协同作用和隐藏的依赖关系。为此，多学科设计优化（MDO）是一种在同一框架下通过多个工程学科并行考虑来识别性能更好系统的方法。然而，MDO仍然存在许多局限性，到目前为止，在学科建模、分析能力和方法的组织整合方面，可以发现一些最关键的差距。

作为一种航空产品，无人机还需要与其他系统协同工作，在各种操作环境下测试。在这方面，系统体系（SoS）模型能够探索各种任务中的设计交互，因此，它们允许决策者确定超出每个单独系统的能力。正如预期的那样，这一更为复杂的公式在分解问题方面提出了新的挑战，同时，它在分析和任务模拟方面提出了进一步的要求。

基于此，本论文致力于通过提高现有MDO能力和探索SoS模型的使用来优化无人机的设计。两篇文献综述是确定该领域差距和趋势的基础，反过来，五个案例研究试图通过提出一系列扩展来解决这些差距和趋势。总的来说，这个问题是从技术和组织的角度来解决的，因此，本研究的目的是提出能够带来更好性能并对产品开发过程（PDP）也有意义的解决方案。

在建立了上述基础之后，这项工作首先深入到MDO，更具体地说，它提出了一个框架，该框架通过进一步的系统模型和分析能力、高效的计算解决方案和数据可视化工具得到了增强。此外，本研究探讨了SoS主题，特别是提出了多级分解策略、多保真度学科模型和任务仿真模块。总体而言，本文提供了定量的数据，旨在说明设计优化对无人机性能的好处，并对所提出方法、工具对PDP和组织的影响进行了定性评估。

Over the last years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gradually become a more efficient alternative to manned aircraft, and at present, they are being deployed in a broad spectrum of both military as well as civilian missions. This has led to an unprecedented market expansion with new challenges for the aeronautical industry, and as a result, it has created a need to implement the latest design tools in order to achieve faster idea-to-market times and higher product performance.

As a complex engineering product, UAVs are comprised of numerous sub-systems with intricate synergies and hidden dependencies. To this end, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is a method that can identify systems with better performance through the concurrent consideration of several engineering disciplines under a common framework. Nevertheless, there are still many limitations in MDO, and to this date, some of the most critical gaps can be found in the disciplinary modeling, in the analysis capabilities, and in the organizational integration of the method.

As an aeronautical product, UAVs are also expected to work together with other systems and to perform in various operating environments. In this respect, System of Systems (SoS) models enable the exploration of design interactions in various missions, and hence, they allow decision makers to identify capabilities that are beyond those of each individual system. As expected, this significantly more complex formulation raises new challenges regarding the decomposition of the problem, while at the same time, it sets further requirements in terms of analyses and mission simulation.

In this light, this thesis focuses on the design optimization of UAVs by enhancing the current MDO capabilities and by exploring the use of SoS models. Two literature reviews serve as the basis for identifying the gaps and trends in the field, and in turn, five case studies try to address them by proposing a set of expansions. On the whole, the problem is approached from a technical as well as an organizational point of view, and thus, this research aims to propose solutions that can lead to better performance and that are also meaningful to the Product Development Process (PDP).

Having established the above foundation, this work delves firstly into MDO, and more specifically, it presents a framework that has been enhanced with further system models and analysis capabilities, efficient computing solutions, and data visualization tools. At a secondary level, this work addresses the topic of SoS, and in particular, it presents a multi-level decomposition strategy, multi-fidelity disciplinary models, and a mission simulation module. Overall, this thesis presents quantitative data which aim to illustrate the benefits of design optimization on the performance of UAVs, and it concludes with a qualitative assessment of the effects that the proposed methods and tools can have on both the PDP and the organization.

1.       引言

2. 理论背景

3. 目前的能力与进一步提高的方向

4. 扩展建模与分析的能力

5. 探索系统的体系设计

6. 讨论与结论

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