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揭秘美国新马德里1811-1812大震,敦促纽约-亚特拉大采取防震措施

已有 4181 次阅读 2015-10-24 21:15 |个人分类:强震预测|系统分类:科研笔记| 1811-1812, 新马德里

1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

The four earthquakes

·        December16, 1811,0815 UTC (2:15 a.m.); (M ~7.2 – 8.1[2]) epicenter in northeast Arkansas. It causedonly slight damage to manmade structures, mainly because of the sparsepopulation in the epicentral area. The future location of Memphis, Tennessee, experienced level IX shaking on the Mercalli intensity scale. A seismic seiche propagatedupriver, and Little Prairie (a village that was on the site of the former FortSan Fernando, near the site of present-day Caruthersville, Missouri) was heavily damaged bysoil liquefaction.[3]

·        December16, 1811, 1315 UTC(7:15 a.m.); (M ~7.2–8.1) epicenter in northeast Arkansas. This shockfollowed the first earthquake by five hours and was similar in intensity.[2]

·        January23, 1812, 1515 UTC(9:15 a.m.); (M ~7.0–7.8[2])epicenter in the Missouri Bootheel. Themeizoseismal area was characterized by general ground warping, ejections, fissuring,severe landslides, and caving of stream banks. Johnson and Schweig attributedthis earthquake to a rupture on the New Madrid North Fault. This may haveplaced strain on the Reelfoot Fault.[3]

·        February7, 1812, 0945 UTC(3:45 a.m.); (M ~7.4–8.0[2])epicenter near New Madrid, Missouri. New Madrid was destroyed. In St. Louis, Missouri, many houses were severely damaged, and their chimneys were toppled.This shock was definitively attributed to the Reelfoot Fault by Johnston andSchweig. Uplift along a segment of this reverse fault created temporary waterfalls on the Mississippi at Kentucky Bend, created waves that propagated upstream, and caused the formationof Reelfoot Lake by obstructing streams in what is now Lake County, Tennessee.[3]


New Madrid faultand earthquake-prone region considered at high risk today.


The Great Earthquake at New Madrid, a 19th-century woodcut from Devens' OurFirst Century(1877)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1811–12_New_Madrid_earthquakes

以上为Wikipedia1811-1812年新马德里4次大震的叙述,再看看NEIC的记录:

·        1812 02 07 - New Madrid Region- M 7.7

·        1812 01 23 - New Madrid Region- M 7.5

·        1811 12 16 - New Madrid Region- M 7.0

·        1811 12 16 - New Madrid Region- M 7.7 Fatalities Several

 

Three Main Shocks

1.     December 16, 1811 - Magnitude~7.5

2.     January 23, 1812 - Magnitude ~7.3

3.     February 7, 1812 - Magnitude ~7.5

A Robust Aftershock Sequence

 December 16, 1811 - Magnitude ~7.0 
Six aftershocks in the first two days in the range of M5.5 to M6.3. Hundreds ofquakes felt into 1813.

 

The geologic record of pre-1811 earthquakesreveals that the New Madrid seismic zone has repeatedly produced sequences ofmajor earthquakes, including several of magnitude 7 to 8, over the past 4,500years.


This map shows earthquakes (circles) of the NewMadrid and Wabash Valley seismic zones (orange patches). Red circles indicateearthquakes that occurred from 1974 to 2002 with magnitudes larger than 2.5located using modern instruments (University of Memphis). Green circles denoteearthquakes thatoccurred prior to 1974 (USGS Professional Paper 1527). Largerearthquakes are represented by larger circles.

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1811-1812.php#december_16

 

对这4次地震,宋治平等(2011)给出的震级值分别为MS8.58.08.48.8级,NEIC给出的震级值分别为M7.7~7.5)、7.0~7.0)、7..5~7.3)、7.7~7.5)级还有一些学者给出了不同的震级值,相差甚大

4次地震定为多大合理呢?

根据秦四清等(2014b)提出的地震参数修订原则,并参考我们对诸多地震区大(巨)震震例的分析(秦四清等,2015abc),认为这四次地震修订为MW7.67.07.47.6级合理。

4次大震震群是什么性质事件?发生在哪个周期?未来新马德里地区是否还能发生大震?以下将探讨并回答这些问题。

近期,我们研究了北美板块3个板内地震区震情,从孕育周期界定与主震事件判识别角度分析了哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区大震孕育过程与未来地震趋势。

在有关论文正式发表前,以下内容不得复制、转载与外传。

哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区震情分析

该地震区划分图示于图1。以下分析表明,该地震区至少已经历1轮孕育周期,目前处于第2孕育周期。


1 波兹曼-华雷斯城与哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区划分图

 

1811~1812年新马德里震群事件,宋治平等(2011)给出的震级值分别为MS8.58.08.48.8级,NEIC给出的震级值分别为M7.7~7.5)、7.0~7.0)、7.5~7.3)、7.7~7.5)级。根据秦四清等(2014b)提出的地震参数修订原则,并参考我们对诸多地震区大(巨)震震例的分析(秦四清等,2015abc),认为这四次地震修订为MW7.67.07.47.6级合理。

2 示出了该地震区第1孕育周期经误差修正后标志性地震事件之间的力学联系,可看出166325日加拿大圣劳伦斯河峡谷MS7.6级地震与18111216日美国阿肯色州勒班陀MW7.6级地震,分别是第1锁固段在膨胀点和峰值强度点的标志性事件;181227日密苏里州新马德里MW7.6级地震发生后,标志着该区第2锁固段已发生宏观破裂。根据秦四清等(2014c)提出的主震事件判识原则,判断新马德里18111216MW7.6级、1812123MW7.4级与181227MW7.6级地震是三主震事件。需指出的是,17551118日美国马萨诸塞州格洛斯特近海ML7.0级地震,是主震前的1次显著性preshock事件;18111216MW7.0级地震,是一次大余震事件。

根据上述分析,可定义哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区为MW7.6级三主震型或MW7.9级单主震型地震危险区。


2 哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区1568.12.27-1812.11.9之间CBS值与时间关系(第1孕育周期)

(数据分析时选取ML≥5.5级地震事件;横坐标对应的时间减去3000年为实际年份;误差修正已被考虑)

3 示出了该区第2孕育周期标志性地震事件之间的力学联系。需说明的是,对19291118日加拿大纽芬兰大浅滩大震,NEIC给出的震级值为MW7.2级;Bent1995)通过波形正反演得出该震为MS7.2±0.3级。根据秦四清等(2014b)提出的地震参数修订原则,认为该震为MS7.5级合理。根据1864627日加拿大纽芬兰MK7.0级地震发生前的CBS值,可较准确地连续预测到18721118日美国新汉普郡州康科德MK7.5级地震、188691日卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿MW7.7级地震与19291118日加利福尼亚州布莱克罗克MS7.5级地震的临界CBS值。根据秦四清等(2014c)提出的主震事件判识原则,判断该区当前孕育周期存在第4锁固段,当其被加载至峰值强度点时,主震事件将发生。

截止到201599日,该地震区CBS监测值约为7.82E+08J1/2,远离临界值9.70E+08J1/2。对该地震区未来震情预测结果如下:震级:单主震型为MW7.9级,三主震型为3MW7.6级;震中位置:图3中预测发震区域,按目前地震活动性判断,发生在区的可能性大;震源深度:10~33km;发震时间窗口:长期。预计向临界状态演化过程中,该区MW5.5~6.6preshock事件频发,但其震级上限不超过MW7.1级。我们将跟踪该地震区地震活动性动态,期望对震中位置和发震时间窗口有更准确的判断。


3 哈利法克斯-纽约-亚特兰大地震区1817.1.8-2015.9.9之间CBS值与时间关系(第2孕育周期)

(数据分析时选取ML≥5.5级地震事件;横坐标对应的时间减去3000年为实际年份)

预计主震事件发生在纽约-亚特拉大一带的可能性大,主震事件发生前,预计该地震区还将发生MW6.6~7.0级的preshock事件。

为减轻大震的危害,建议亚特兰大、华盛顿、纽约、纳什维尔与新马德里等地区,适当提高建筑抗震设防烈度,对不达标的建筑进行加固。




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