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科技写作(107)：使用清晰的代词
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指代不明是科技写作中最常见的问题之一。如果代词所指代的名词不明晰，会给读者的理解造成障碍。作者自己当然知道代词指代什么，可读者就没这么幸运了。因此，要确保代词清楚地指代句中的某个名词，如果存在指代多个名词的可能，应该在代词后重复相应的名词。
例1：
Gram bacteria do not respond to these drugs. Thus, they were of no interest to us.
修改后：
Gram bacteria do not respond to these drugs. Thus, these drugs were of no interest to us.
或：These drugs were of no interest to us because Gram bacteria do not respond to them.
有时代词的指代是隐含的，为了明确指代关系应在代词之后表明所指代的名词，如下例：
例2：
If a specimen is frozen in a bath containing dry ice and acetone, the water of the cell can be removed by sublimation to prevent damage to the cell. This is commonly used for preservation of cultures.
修改后：
If a specimen is frozen in a bath containing dry ice and acetone, the water of the cell can be removed by sublimation to prevent damage to the cell. This technique is commonly used for preservation of cultures.
例3
As human impacts on natural environments continue to increase, large species will become extinct faster than small species with similar biological characteristics. This can be illustrated with the use of our model predicting extinction risk from the level of external threat.（该例句中，“this”指物种减少甚至灭绝这种后果。为避免重复那么多词语，可以使用一个隐含的方式表达，如“trend”。修改后，“trend”由“this”引导指前句中所表达的那种趋势。）
修改后
As human impacts on natural environments continue to increase, large species will become extinct faster than in small species with similar biological characteristics. This trend can be illustrated with the use of our model predicting extinction risk from the level of external threat.
摘编自《科技写作与交流》(任胜利等译. 科学出版社, 2012年出版)
练习：下列句子中的代词（下划线部分）可能不只指代一个名词，请修改。
1. When bacterial cells ate cured of viruses, they become avirulent.
2. A few microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to phagocytic digestion. This is one reason why tuberculosis is difficult to cure.
3. Patients often suffer from infections of Corynebacterium and from toxins released by them.
4. An action potential triggers calcium channels to open at the synapse. This causes docked synaptic vesicles to fuse to the membrane and release their neurotransmitter content.
5. When the E.coli ompA gene was expressed in Sodalis, it displayed a pathogenic phenotype.
6. Another more costly and labor-intensive approach is to perform biochemical analysis of the fats in yeast. This has been done for some yeast mutants (47). This involves thin layer chromatography, coupled to gas chromatography.
7. Results indicate that binding decreased about 4-fold the temperature increased from 4 to 17℃. (Fig.1). This suggests that the binding among the particles may be governed by interactions such as hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces that weaken when temperature rises.
8. p53 co-immunoprecipetates with ARF-GFP and HDM2 in the presence of E6 (Fig.1), which can also be seen for total cell lysates (Fig.1).
9. The identification of the restriction factor helps us to understand the function of this and similar factors. It gives us more knowledge of the host cell restriction system.
10. The goal of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms by which rosiglitazone induces primary adipocytes to increase adiponectin. To achieve this, we tested both the mouse 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line and Ob/Ob mice.
11. Adipose tissue from the same rosiglitazone-treated animals secretes an increased amount of adiponectin. This indicates that there may be additional factors signaling adiponectin secretion.
12. CTLA-4 inhibits the number of activated T-cells, and this effect is maximal at low TCR strength. This is contradictory to earlier observations where CTLA-a4 expression increases when TCR strength is increased.
13. The breakthrough was achieved because new methods and concepts could be applied, which had been developed in nonlinear dynamics to describe the spontaneous formation of order in various disciplines. This in turn was only possible because the underlying laws are universal at a certain abstract level.
14. A current-voltage characteristic with a negative impedance is a necessary prerequisite for this type of oscillator. However, in the stationary current-voltage-plot, this is visible only in a subsystem.
15. Obviously, the disturbance is dampened in the first picture, whereas a spatiotemporal structure forms in the second example. This can best be described as a superposition of the homogeneous oscillation and a sine-shaped standing wave.
16. The concentration profile perpendicular to the electrode does not adjust spontaneously when the concentration changes at the electrode. This is caused by a high reaction rate.
17. Almost all sulfur atoms are also engaged in lone pair bonding to a phenyl edge (25). Most p-MBAs are linked through chains of such interactions extending from one pole of the nanoparticle to the other (Fig.4D). This exemplifies the “self-assembly” of a thiol monolayer on a gold surface(26).
18. Orienting C-F bonds antiperiplanar to the lone pairs of the now sp3-hybridized O results in an anomeric nO-σ*CF conjugation with concomitant lengthening of the C-F bonds (35). This reduces the conjugation between O and the aromatic π system and eliminates the energetic preference of a planar, in-plane conformation.
19. Our previous models tended to underproduce Na compared with the abundances of HE0107-5240. This has been improved in our current presupernova models.
参考答案
1. Bacterial cells become avirulent when they are cured of viruses.
2. A few microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to phagocytic digestion. This resistance is one reason why tuberculosis is difficult to cure.
3. Patients often suffer from infections of Corynebacterium and from toxins released by these bacteria.
4. An action potential triggers calcium channels to open at the synapse. This opening/chain of events causes docked synaptic vesicles to fuse to the membrane and release their neurotransmitter content.
5. When the E. coli ompA gone was expressed in Sodalis, Sodalis displayed a pathogenic phenotype. OR, Sodalis displayed a pathogenic phenotype when the E. coli ompA gone was expressed by it.
6. Another more costly and labor intensive approach is to perform biochemical analysis of the fats in yeast. This analysis has been done for some yeast mutants (47). The method/This analysis involves thin layer chromatography, coupled to gas chromatography.
7. Results indicate that binding decreased about 4-fold when the temperature increased from 4 to 17 °C. (Fig. 1). This temperature increase/decrease/change suggests that the binding among the particles may be governed by interactions such as hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces that weaken when temperature rises.
8. p53 co-immunoprecipitates with ARF-GFP and HDM2 in the presence of E6 (Fig. 1). This co-immunoprecipitation can also be seen for total cell lysates (Fig. 1).
9. The identification of this restriction factor helps us to understand the function of this and similar factors. Its identification/Determining its function gives us more knowledge of the host cell restriction system.
10. The goal of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms by which rosiglitazone induces primary adipocytes to increase adiponectin. To identify this mechanism, we tested both the mouse 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line and Ob/Ob mice.
11. Adipose tissue from the same rosiglitazone-treated animals secretes an increased amount of adiponectin. This increased secretion indicates that there may beadditional factors signaling adiponectin secretion.
12. CTLA-4 inhibits the number of activated T-cells, and this effect is maximal at low TCR strength. This inhibition is contradictory to earlier observations where CTLA-4 expression increases when TCR strength is increased.
13. The breakthrough was achieved because new methods and concepts could be applied, which had been developed in nonlinear dynamics to describe the spontaneous formation of order in various disciplines. This description in turn was only possible because the underlying laws are universal at a certain abstract level.
14. A current-voltage-characteristic with a negative imp4dance is a necessary prerequisite for this type of oscillator. However, in the stationary current-voltage-plot, this impedance is visible only in a subsystem.
15. Obviously, the disturbance is dampened in the first picture, whereas a spatiotemporal structure forms in the second example. This formation can best be described as a superposition of the homogeneous oscillation and a sine-shaped standing wave.
16. The concentration profile perpendicular to the electrode does not adjust spontaneously when the concentration changes at the electrode. This lack of adjustment is caused by a high reaction rate.
17. Almost all sulfur atoms are also engaged in lone pair bonding to a phenyl edge (25). Most p-MBAs are linked through chains of such interactions extending from one pole of the nanoparticle to the other (Fig. 4D). This ordering of p-MBAs exemplifies the “self-assembly” “of a thiol monolayer on a gold surface (26).
18. Orienting C-F bonds antiperiplanar to the lone pairs of the now sp3-hybridized O results in an anomeric nO-s*CF conjugation with concomitant lengthening of the C-F bonds (35). This lengthening reduces the conjugation between O and the aromatic π system and eliminates the energetic preference of a planar, in-plane conformation.
19. Our previous models tended to underproduce Na compared with the abundances of HE0107-5240. This problem/underproduction has been improved in our current presupernova models.
摘编自《科技写作与交流》(任胜利等译. 科学出版社, 2012年出版)
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