从第一产业到第六产业

武夷山

 

   地理学家Matt Rosenberg在Sectors of the Economy：Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, and Quinary（第一、第二、第三、第四、第五产业经济部门，http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm）一文中介绍了各产业部门的定义。

 

A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of the population engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with the primary sector, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from the earth such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from the raw materials of the earth increases.

Primary Sector

The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material associated with this sector is also considered to be part of this sector.

博主：简单地说，第一产业经济部门从事土里刨食、土里刨物的活动，如农业和采矿业。

In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are involved in the primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labor force is engaged in primary sector activity today, while more than two-thirds of the labor force were primary sector workers in the mid-nineteenth century.

Secondary Sector

The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods.（第二产业部门是生产制成品的） All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.

Tertiary Sector

The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry（第三产业部门是服务业）. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.

In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.

Quaternary Sector

    第四产业部门由知识活动所构成，与该部门相关的活动包括政府管理、文化、图书馆、科研、教育、信息技术等。

Quinary Sector    有人认为，第四产业的一部分可称之为第五产业，包括一个社会或一个经济体中最高层次的决策。该部门的从业者是政府、科学、大学、非营利机构、医疗保健、文化、媒体等领域的负责人或官员。    澳大利亚有另一种说法：第五产业部门指操持家务者所从事的家政活动。这些活动通常都不用币值来测度，但应承认其经济贡献。    博主：再看看维基百科的说法，与前文的定义基本一致。

维基百科的“第四产业部门”（https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_sector_of_the_economy）词条说：

The quaternary sector of the economy is a way to describe a knowledge-based^[1] part of the economy - which typically includes services such asinformation technology, information-generation and -sharing, media, andresearch and development, as well as knowledge-based services like consultation, education, financial planning, blogging, and designing.^[2]

The quaternary sector is based on knowledge and skill. It consists of intellectual industries providing information services, such as computing andICT (information and communication technologies), consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D (research, particularly in scientific fields). According to some definitions, the quaternary sector includes other pureservices, such as the entertainment industry, and the term has been used^{[by whom?]} to describe media, culture, and government.

Colin Clark's sector model of an economy undergoing technological change. In later stages, the quaternary sector of the economy grows – shown in red.

"Quaternary sector" is a further delineation of the three-sector hypothesis ofindustry in the sense that the quaternary sector refers to a part of the third ortertiary sector along with the quinary economic sector. It has been argued^{[by whom?]} that intellectual services is distinct enough to warrant a separate sector and not be considered merely as a part of the tertiary sector.^{[citation needed]} This sector evolves in well-developed countries and requires a highly educated workforce.^[3]

 

据百度百科（http://baike.baidu.com/view/2090159.htm），则第五产业的含义与英文第五产业的含义完全不一样：

第五产业为文化产业，文化产业基本上可以划分为三类，其一，是生产与销售以相对独立的物态形式呈现的文化产品的行业（如生产与销售图书、报刊、影视、音像制品等行业）；其二，是以劳务形式出现的文化服务行业（如戏剧舞蹈的演出、体育、娱乐、策划、经纪业等）；其三，是向其他商品和行业提供文化附加值的行业（如装潢、装饰、形象设计、文化旅游等）。

 

另外，还有第六产业的说法。

据百度百科（http://baike.baidu.com/view/2438002.htm）：

20世纪90年代，日本东京大学名誉教授、农业专家今村奈良臣，针对日本农业面临的发展窘境，首先提出了“第六产业”的概念。就是通过鼓励农户搞多种经营，即不仅种植农作物(第一产业)，而且从事农产品加工(第二产业)与销售农产品及其加工产品(第三产业)，以获得更多的增值价值，为农业和农村的可持续发展开辟光明前景。因为按行业分类，农林水产业属于第一产业，加工制造业则是第二产业，销售、服务等为第三产业。“1+2+3”等于6，“1×2×3”也等于6。这就是“第六产业”的内涵。

博主尚未见过英美学者采用第六产业的说法，若有见过的，请告诉我，先谢过。

 

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