数据、信息（情报）、知识的倒金字塔层次

武夷山

Science, Technology, andHuman Values杂志2013年第5期发表了瑞典女学者Minna Räsänen博士和美国学者James M. Nyce合写的文章，The Raw Is Cooked：Data in Intelligence Practice（生数据变熟了：情报实践中的数据），原文见http://sth.sagepub.com/content/38/5/655.full.pdf。文章说：

情报实践者们认为，通过他们的解释性劳动，数据才会变“熟”，才好消化。

瑞典军方有个机构，叫The Military Intelligence and Security Service(瑞典语缩写为MUST，军事与情报安全局)，它负责收集信息，将其加工为军事情报，并从事情报分析与情报传播。本文即以MUST情报人员的工作实践为分析对象。

情报学界一般接受的金字塔结构是：底层为数据，再往上几层分别是信息、知识和智慧。芬兰学者Tuomi（1999）则提出了数据、信息（情报）、知识的倒金字塔结构：数据是从信息（情报）里产生的，信息（情报）是在我们拥有知识后涌现出来的。Tuomi文章的原文见http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/1999/0001/01/00011071.pdf。

博主：将两个金字塔结合起来，承认这几个事物之间的动态互动关系，就更符合实际情况了。

该文摘要如下：

 This article looks at some common assumptions and associated work practices within a military intelligence community. There intelligence practitioners use the term “raw data” as a common sense category, as a word that describes information they want or have gained access to. The practical and organizational processes that inform the construction of the term raw data are unpacked here. Examples presented are based on interviews, field observations, and document reviews. Theoretical descriptions and models of work, for example, the intelligence cycle, construction, and the use of computer databases, assume that work in this community starts with raw data.However, this data has already been (prior) processed by the work practices,political, practical, and other decisions  even before data collection occurs.The technology and attendant categories and practices  instrumentalize a certain world view. The model used frames not just the collection and organization of the institution’s knowledge but those categories that inform how this institution organizes, legitimizes, and enacts its work, data, and knowledge.Given the kinds of opponents nations have to face today, intelligence practitioners and those who study their work have to understand practice,action, and contexts

often quite different from one’s own.